学习docker看此文足以
什么是 Docker
Docker 最初是 dotCloud 公司创始人 在法国期间发起的一个公司内部项目,它是基于 dotCloud 公司多年云服务技术的一次革新,并于 ,主要项目代码在 上进行维护。Docker 项目后来还加入了 Linux 基金会,并成立推动 。
Docker 自开源后受到广泛的关注和讨论,至今其 已经超过 5 万 7 千个星标和一万多个 fork。甚至由于 Docker 项目的火爆,在 2013 年底,。Docker 最初是在 Ubuntu 12.04 上开发实现的;Red Hat 则从 RHEL 6.5 开始对 Docker 进行支持;Google 也在其 PaaS 产品中广泛应用 Docker。
为什么要用 Docker
作为一种新兴的虚拟化方式,Docker 跟传统的虚拟化方式相比具有众多的优势。
更高效的利用系统资源
由于容器不需要进行硬件虚拟以及运行完整操作系统等额外开销,Docker 对系统资源的利用率更高。无论是应用执行速度、内存损耗或者文件存储速度,都要比传统虚拟机技术更高效。因此,相比虚拟机技术,一个相同配置的主机,往往可以运行更多数量的应用。
更快速的启动时间
传统的虚拟机技术启动应用服务往往需要数分钟,而 Docker 容器应用,由于直接运行于宿主内核,无需启动完整的操作系统,因此可以做到秒级、甚至毫秒级的启动时间。大大的节约了开发、测试、部署的时间。
一致的运行环境
开发过程中一个常见的问题是环境一致性问题。由于开发环境、测试环境、生产环境不一致,导致有些 bug 并未在开发过程中被发现。而 Docker 的镜像提供了除内核外完整的运行时环境,确保了应用运行环境一致性,从而不会再出现 「这段代码在我机器上没问题啊」 这类问题。
持续交付和部署
对开发和运维()人员来说,最希望的就是一次创建或配置,可以在任意地方正常运行。
使用 Docker 可以通过定制应用镜像来实现持续集成、持续交付、部署。开发人员可以通过 来进行镜像构建,并结合 系统进行集成测试,而运维人员则可以直接在生产环境中快速部署该镜像,甚至结合 系统进行自动部署。
而且使用 使镜像构建透明化,不仅仅开发团队可以理解应用运行环境,也方便运维团队理解应用运行所需条件,帮助更好的生产环境中部署该镜像。
更轻松的迁移
由于 Docker 确保了执行环境的一致性,使得应用的迁移更加容易。Docker 可以在很多平台上运行,无论是物理机、虚拟机、公有云、私有云,甚至是笔记本,其运行结果是一致的。因此用户可以很轻易的将在一个平台上运行的应用,迁移到另一个平台上,而不用担心运行环境的变化导致应用无法正常运行的情况。
更轻松的维护和扩展
Docker 使用的分层存储以及镜像的技术,使得应用重复部分的复用更为容易,也使得应用的维护更新更加简单,基于基础镜像进一步扩展镜像也变得非常简单。此外,Docker 团队同各个开源项目团队一起维护了一大批高质量的 ,既可以直接在生产环境使用,又可以作为基础进一步定制,大大的降低了应用服务的镜像制作成本。
docker一键安装
```shell
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | bash -s docker –mirror Aliyun
```shell
Docker命令实战
常用命令
基础实战
1、镜像
下载最新版镜像
```shell
root@hello:~# docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
7d63c13d9b9b: Pull complete
5cb019b641b5: Pull complete
d477de77abf8: Pull complete
c60e7d4c1c30: Pull complete
365a49996569: Pull complete
039c6e901970: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:168a6a2be5c65d4aafa7a78ca98ff8b110fe44c6ca41e7ccb4314ed481e32288
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest
```shell
```shell
```shell
查看本地镜像
```shell
root@hello:# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest e9ce56a96f8e 8 hours ago 141MB
root@hello:
```shell
删除镜像
```shell
root@hello:~# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest e9ce56a96f8e 8 hours ago 141MB
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~# docker rmi e9ce56a96f8e
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:168a6a2be5c65d4aafa7a78ca98ff8b110fe44c6ca41e7ccb4314ed481e32288
Deleted: sha256:e9ce56a96f8e0e9f75051f258a595d1257bd6bb91913b79455ea77e67e686c5c
Deleted: sha256:6e5a463ea9608e4712465e1c575b2932dde96f99fa2c2fc31a5bacbe69c725cb
Deleted: sha256:a12cc243b903b34c8137e57160d206d6c1ee76a1ab6011a1cebdceb8b6ff8768
Deleted: sha256:a562e4589c72b0706526e13eed9c4f037ab5d1f50eb4529b38670abe353248f2
Deleted: sha256:fd67efaafabe1a0b146e9f7d958de79ec8fcec9aa6ee13ca3052b4acd8a3b81a
Deleted: sha256:c3967df88e47f739c3048492985aafaafecd5806de6c6870cbd76997fc0c68b0
Deleted: sha256:e8b689711f21f9301c40bf2131ce1a1905c3aa09def1de5ec43cf0adf652576e
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
下载指定版本镜像
```shell
root@hello:# docker pull nginx:1.20.1# docker images
1.20.1: Pulling from library/nginx
b380bbd43752: Pull complete
83acae5e2daa: Pull complete
33715b419f9b: Pull complete
eb08b4d557d8: Pull complete
74d5bdecd955: Pull complete
0820d7f25141: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:a98c2360dcfe44e9987ed09d59421bb654cb6c4abe50a92ec9c912f252461483
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:1.20.1
docker.io/library/nginx:1.20.1
root@hello:
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx 1.20.1 c8d03f6b8b91 5 weeks ago 133MB
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
2、容器
```shell
docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG…]
【docker run 设置项 镜像名 】 镜像启动运行的命令(镜像里面默认有的,一般不会写)
-d:后台运行
–restart=always: 开机自启
-p 主机端口:容器端口
root@hello:# docker run –name=myningx -d –restart=always -p 88:80 nginx#
Unable to find image ‘nginx:latest’ locally
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
7d63c13d9b9b: Pull complete
5cb019b641b5: Pull complete
d477de77abf8: Pull complete
c60e7d4c1c30: Pull complete
365a49996569: Pull complete
039c6e901970: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:168a6a2be5c65d4aafa7a78ca98ff8b110fe44c6ca41e7ccb4314ed481e32288
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
15db0ba492cf2b86714e3e29723d413b97e64cc2ee361d4109f4216b2e0cba60
root@hello:
root@hello:~# curl -I 127.0.0.1:88
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.21.4
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2021 02:03:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 615
Last-Modified: Tue, 02 Nov 2021 14:49:22 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: “61814ff2-267”
Accept-Ranges: bytes
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
查看当前运行的容器
```shell
root@hello:# docker ps#
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
15db0ba492cf nginx “/docker-entrypoint.…” About a minute ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:88->80/tcp, :::88->80/tcp myningx
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
停止容器
```shell
root@hello:# docker stop 15db0ba492cf#
15db0ba492cf
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker ps#
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
查看所有容器
```shell
root@hello:# docker ps -a#
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
15db0ba492cf nginx “/docker-entrypoint.…” 2 minutes ago Exited (0) 12 seconds ago myningx
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
启动容器
```shell
root@hello:# docker start 15db0ba492cf# docker ps
15db0ba492cf
root@hello:
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
15db0ba492cf nginx “/docker-entrypoint.…” 2 minutes ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:88->80/tcp, :::88->80/tcp myningx
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
删除容器,在运行中无法删除
```shell
root@hello:~# docker rm 15db0ba492cf
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container 15db0ba492cf2b86714e3e29723d413b97e64cc2ee361d4109f4216b2e0cba60. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove
```shell
```shell
```shell
强制删除容器
```shell
root@hello:# docker rm -f 15db0ba492cf#
15db0ba492cf
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
3、进入容器操作容器
```shell
root@hello:~# docker exec -it b1d72657b /bin/bash
root@b1d72657b272:/#
root@b1d72657b272:/#
```shell
```shell
```shell
4、修改容器内容
```shell
root@hello:~# docker exec -it b1d72657b /bin/bash
root@b1d72657b272:/# echo “123” > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
root@b1d72657b272:/#
root@b1d72657b272:/# echo “cby” > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
root@hello:# curl 127.0.0.1:88#
123
root@hello:
root@hello:~# docker exec -it b1d72657b /bin/bash
root@b1d72657b272:/# echo “cby” > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
root@hello:# curl 127.0.0.1:88#
cby
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
5、挂载外部数据
```shell
root@hello:~# docker run –name=myningx -d –restart=always -p 88:80 -v /data/html:/usr/share/nginx/html/ nginx
e3788cdd7be695fe9a1bebd7306c131d6380da215a416d19c162c609b8f108ae
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~# curl 127.0.0.1:88
403 Forbidden
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~# echo “cby” > /data/html/index.html
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~#
root@hello:~# curl 127.0.0.1:88
cby
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
6、将运行中的容器构建为镜像
```shell
root@hello:# docker ps#
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
e3788cdd7be6 nginx “/docker-entrypoint.…” 4 minutes ago Up 4 minutes 0.0.0.0:88->80/tcp, :::88->80/tcp myningx
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker commit -a “cby” -m “my app” e3788cdd7be6 myapp:v1.0#
sha256:07a7b54c914c79dfbd402029a3d144201235eca72a4f26c92e2ec7780c485226
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker images#
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
myapp v1.0 07a7b54c914c 4 seconds ago 141MB
nginx latest e9ce56a96f8e 8 hours ago 141MB
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
7、镜像保存与导入
```shell
root@hello:# docker save -o cby.tar myapp:v1.0# ll cby.tar
root@hello:
-rw——- 1 root root 145910784 Nov 17 02:21 cby.tar
root@hello:## docker load -i cby.tar
root@hello:
Loaded image: myapp:v1.0
root@hello:## docker images
root@hello:
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
myapp v1.0 07a7b54c914c 3 minutes ago 141MB
nginx latest e9ce56a96f8e 8 hours ago 141MB
nginx 1.20.1 c8d03f6b8b91 5 weeks ago 133MB
root@hello:~#
```shell
```shell
```shell
8、推送到DockerHub,并在其他主机上可拉去该镜像
```shell
root@hello:# docker tag myapp:v1.0 chenbuyun/myapp:v1.0#
root@hello:
root@hello:~# docker login
Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don’t have a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one.
Username: chenbuyun
Password:
WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credentials-store
Login Succeeded
root@hello:# docker push chenbuyun/myapp:v1.0#
The push refers to repository [docker.io/chenbuyun/myapp]
799aefeaf6b1: Pushed
fd688ba2259e: Mounted from library/nginx
c731fe3d8126: Mounted from library/nginx
3b1690d8cd86: Mounted from library/nginx
03f105433dc8: Mounted from library/nginx
bd7b2912e0ab: Mounted from library/nginx
e8b689711f21: Mounted from library/nginx
v1.0: digest: sha256:f085a533e36cccd27a21fe4de7c87f652fe9346e1ed86e3d82856d5d4434c0a0 size: 1777
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker logout#
Removing login credentials for https://index.docker.io/v1/
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker pull chenbuyun/myapp:v1.0#
v1.0: Pulling from chenbuyun/myapp
Digest: sha256:f085a533e36cccd27a21fe4de7c87f652fe9346e1ed86e3d82856d5d4434c0a0
Status: Downloaded newer image for chenbuyun/myapp:v1.0
docker.io/chenbuyun/myapp:v1.0
root@hello:
root@hello:# docker images#
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
chenbuyun/myapp v1.0 07a7b54c914c 9 minutes ago 141MB
myapp v1.0 07a7b54c914c 9 minutes ago 141MB
nginx latest e9ce56a96f8e 8 hours ago 141MB
nginx 1.20.1 c8d03f6b8b91 5 weeks ago 133MB
root@hello:
```shell
```shell
```shell
以上仅为常用命令,更多docker相关知识可在:https://www.runoob.com/docker/docker-tutorial.html
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https://blog.csdn.net/qq\_33921750
https://my.oschina.net/u/3981543
https://www.zhihu.com/people/chen-bu-yun-2
https://segmentfault.com/u/hppyvyv6/articles
https://juejin.cn/user/3315782802482007
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